Tài liệu bồi dưỡng Anh văn

instruments are known primarily from visual depictions, not from the continued existence of music written for them. The majority of these depictions show simple stringed instruments, often lacking some of the parts that define a modern guitar. A number of these instruments have more in common with the lute than the guitar.
There is some uncertainty about the exact date of the earliest six-string guitar. The oldest one still in existence, which was made by Gaetano Vinaccia, is dated 1779. However, the authenticity of six-string guitars alleged to have been made prior to 1790 is often suspect, as many fakes have been discovered dating to this era. The early nineteenth century is generally accepted as the time period during which six-string guitars began taking on their modern shape and dimensions. Thus for nearly two hundred years, luthiers, or guitar makers, have been producing versions of the modern acoustic guitar.
The first electric guitar was not developed until the early twentieth century. George Beauchamp received the first patent for an electric guitar in 1936, and Beauchamp went on to co-found Rickenbacker, originally known as the Electro String Instrument Company. Although Rickenbacker began producing electric guitars in the late 1930s, this brand received most of its fame in the 1960s, when John Lennon used a Rickenbacker guitar for the Beatles' debut performance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1964. George Harrison later bought a Rickenbacker guitar of his own, and the company later gave him one of their earliest 12-string electric guitars. Paul McCartney also used a Rickenbacker bass guitar for recording. The Beatles continued to use Rickenbacker guitars throughout their career, and made the instruments highly popular among other musicians of the era.
The Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation were two other early electric guitar pioneers, both developing models in the early 1950s. Fender began with the Telecaster in 1950 and 1951, and the Fender Stratocaster debuted in 1954. Gibson began selling the Gibson Les Paul, based partially on assistance from jazz musician and guitar innovator Les Paul, in 1952. The majority of present day solid-body electric guitars are still based largely on these three early electric guitar designs.
Throughout the history of the guitar, an enormous number of individuals have made their mark on the way in which the instrument was built, played and perceived. Though some of these individuals are particularly well known, like the Beatles or Les Paul, the majority of these people are virtually invisible to most modern guitar fans. By looking at the entire history of the guitar, rather than just recent developments, largely confined to electric guitars, it is possible to see more of the contributions of earlier generations.
Questions 66-70
Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in the numbered box.
66. Despite differences in _________, 'guit-' and '-tar' appear in the word for 'guitar' in many languages.
67. Instruments that we would call acoustic guitars have been made and played for approximately 
 _________.
68. The ________ of acoustic guitars have not changed much in 200 years.
69. Les Paul, the well-known ________ guitarist, was involved in the development of the electric guitar.
70. Most ________ of the guitar know little about its rich history.
Your answers 
66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 
 70.
Questions 71-75
Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in the numbered box.
Instruments similar to the guitar have been played by musicians for over (71) ________ years. What we know about many of these instruments comes from (72) ________ rather than actual physical examples or music played on them. In some ways, these early stringed instruments were closer to (73) ________ than the guitar as we know it today. We do have examples of six-string guitars that are 200 years old. However, the (74) ________ of six-string guitars made by guitar makers who are also known as luthiers before the final decade of the eighteenth century is often open to question.
Although the electric guitar was invented in the 1930s, it took several decades for electric guitars to develop, with the company Rickenbacker playing a major part in this development. Most (75) ________ electric guitars in use today are similar in design to guitars produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation in the 1950s.
Your answers 
71. 
72. 
73. 
74. 
 75.
Part 3: Some parts of the following passages have been removed. Read the passage and then choose from the list A-J given below the best phrase to fill each of the spaces. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. Write your answer in the numbered box. (0) has been done as an example. 
PEDAL POWER 
If you are trying to get around central London when the traffic is bad and you can’t find a taxi, (0)____________: pedal-powered rickshaws are becoming increasingly popular in the capital. In fact, it is estimated that 350 of them now cruise the streets, though there is no official licensing procedure for these diminutive vehicles, so precise numbers are not available. And this is exactly the problem; it is claimed by residents’ associations and taxi drivers. Since rickshaws are not subject to the same regulations as other vehicles, (76) ____________. Consequently, the areas around popular tourist sights are sometimes packed with stationary pedicabs, as the rickshaws are also known. And (77) ____________ as no specific law is being broken. 
On the other hand, (78) ____________, which naturally get stuck in traffic jams like other motor vehicle. And unlike traditional London cabs, pedal-powered rickshaws cause no pollution whatsoever. Many tourists like them because they are an amusing, unusual way to get around. But are they potentially dangerous? Well, (79) ____________. Some taxi drivers claim the three-wheeled vehicles are inherently unstable and may tip over if the driver takes a corner too quickly. Rickshaw drivers insist that they drive almost exclusively in the narrow streets of the city centre, where (80) ____________. There has as yet been no serious accident involving a pedicab, but the government is considering some form of regulation just to be on the safe side.
A. it could hardly be any different in this context
B. it is difficult for traffic police to do anything about them
C. it never seems to cause too much inconvenience
D. it very much depends who you talk to 
E. it annoys pedestrians as much as motorists 
F. it is clear that there is a need for an alternative to taxis 
G. it is impossible to gain enough speed for this to be a problem 
H. it is not clear whether they are subject to parking restrictions 
I. it is tempting to try an alternative
Your answers 
0. I 
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 
80. 
Part 4: Fill each blank with ONE suitable word. Write your answer in the numbered box provided below the passage. (0) has been done as an example. 
Although the (0)________ in the global temperature by 4 per cent predicted by many scientists may not sound like much, it is the difference between (81)________ and the last Ice Age, when huge glaciers (82)________ Europe and most of Britain. Nobody knows exactly what would happen in a warmer world, (83)________ we do know some things. Heat a kettle and the water inside it expands. The temperature of the world has climbed more than half a degree this century, and the oceans have risen by at (84)________ 10 cm.
	But just as it takes several minutes for a kettle to begin (85)________, so it may have taken the oceans thirty years to swell. This means that the global warming we are now (86)________ is a result only of the carbon dioxide we have dumped into the atmosphere up to (87)________ 1960s. Since then, the use of fossil (88)________ has increased rapidly. Scientists working for the United Nations and European governments have (89)________ warning that what the Dutch and the people of the East Anglia will need to do will be to build more extensive sea defences. Many of the world’s greater cities are at (90)________, because they are located at sea level. Miami, (91)________ entirely built on a sandbank, could be swept away. But the effects of (92)________ sea levels will be much worse for the developing countries. With a metre rise in sea levels, 200 million people could become (93)________.
 	There are other fears too, (94)________ to a recent United Nations report. The plight of the hungry in the northern Africa could (95)________, as rainfall in the Sahara and beyond is reduced by 20 per cent.
Your answers 
0. rise
81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
85. 
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
III. WRITING (7/ 20 points)
Part 1: 
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
96. Half the afternoon was spent on clay-modelling. 
 Clay-modelling .........................................................................
97. I heard her use those words many times.
 Many’s 
98. It was more an argument than a discussion.
 It was not so ..................................................................................................................
99. They only reimbursed us because we took legal advice.
 We wouldn't .................................................................................................................
100. Your silly question distracted me.
 You drove .................................................................................................................
Part 2:
Use the word given in brackets and make any necessary additions to write a new sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence. Do NOT change the form of the given word.
101.