Giáo án tiếng Anh lớp 12 - Unit 10: Modals

 introduced intentionally or accidentally into new settings through human activities. In one context an introduced species may cause no obvious problems and may, over time, be regarded as being just as "natural" as any native species in the same habitat. In another context, exotics may seriously disrupt delicate ecological balances and create a cascade of unintended consequences. The worst of these unintended consequences arise when introduced species put native species in destruction by preying on them, altering their habitats, or out-competing them in the struggle for food resources. Although biological introductions have affected environments the world over, the most destructive, effects have occurred on islands, where introduced insects, cats, pigs, rats, mongooses, and other nonnative species have caused the grave endangerment or outright extinction of literally hundreds of species during the past 500 years.
One of other reason to cause species extinction is overexploitation. This word refers to the utilization of a species at a rate that is likely to cause its extreme endangerment or outright extinction. Among many examples of severe overexploitation, the case of the great whales stands out in special relief. By the middle of the 20th century, unrestricted whaling had brought many species of whales to incredibly low population sizes. In response to public pressure, in 1982 a number of nations, including the USA, agreed to an international moratorium on whaling. As a direct result, some whale species which are thought to have been on extinction's doorstep 25 years ago have made amazing comebacks, such as grey whales in the western Pacific. Others remain at great risk. Many other species, however, continue to suffer high rates of exploitation because of the trade in animal parts. Currently, the demand for animal parts is centered in several parts of Asia where there. is a strong market for traditional medicines made from items like tiger bone and rhino horn.
Native species _______.
a. are not used to the local environment b. never get along well with other native species in the same environment
c. tend to do harm to exotic species	d. have been part of a given biological landscape for a long period
Exotic species _______.
a. do no harm to native species and the local environment
b. may kill native species for food
c. always share the environment peacefully with native species
d. help to make the local environment more ideal to survive
According to the first paragraph, _______.
a. non-native species have caused badly damage to native ones
b. introducing new exotic species to local environments is necessary
c. exotic species have never been introduced on islands
d. very few native species have been damaged by exotic species
According to the second paragraph, by the middle of the 20 century ___.
a. whale population was the most crowded in marine life	b. whale hunting was illegal
c. whale population increased dramatically	d. whaling was not restricted
Tiger bone and rhino horn _______.
a. are not popular in Asian markets 	b. are never in the trade of animal parts
c. are used for making traditional medicines 	d. cannot be found in Asian markets
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international (40) _____- governmental organization for the (41) _____, research, and restoration of the environment. The organization was (42) _____ as a charitable trust on September 11, 1961, in Morges, Switzerland, under the name World Wildlife Fund. It was an initiative of Julian Huxley and Max Nicholson.
It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million (43) _____ worldwide, working in more (44) _____ 90 countries, supporting 100 conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is a charity, with (45) ____ 9% of its funding coming from voluntary. (46) ___ by private individuals and businesses.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the (47) _____ of our environment". Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. Among other issues, it is also concerned (48) _____ endangered species, pollution, and climate change. The organization (49) ____ more than 20 field projects worldwide. In the last few years, the organization set up offices and operations around the world.
a. non 	b. not 	c. no 	d. nor
a. challenge 	b. keeping 	c. conservation 	d. awareness
a. produced 	b. discovered 	c. used 	d. formed
a. supporters 	b. residents 	c. inhabitants 	d. citizens
a. as 	b. than 	c. to 	d. as to
a. generally 	b. individually 	c. commercially 	d. approximately
a. deposits 	b. donations 	c. refunds 	d. loans
a. destroy 	b. destructive 	c. destruction 	d. destroyed
a. on 	b. by 	c. with 	d. upon
a. goes 	b. walks 	c. reaches 	d. runs
MODALS
I. WOULD
 Ngoài cách dùng trong câu điều kiện, would còn dùng để chỉ một thói quen trong quá khứ.
Ex: When I was a child, I would sing folk songs.
II. USED TO/ BE (GET) USED TO
- Used to +infinitives: diễn tả một thói quen ở quá khứ
Ex: He used to swim when he was six.
- Be (get) used to + V_ing/ noun (quen với/ trở nên quen với)
Ex: 	- My mother is used to getting up early every day.
- He got used to walking five kilometers a day because he’s lost his bicycle.
- Tom has got used to the cold weather since he came here.
III. WOULD RATHER
Would rather cùng nghĩa với prefer (thích hơn) nhưng would rather chỉ đi với động từ trong khi prefer có thể đi với động từ hoặc danh từ.
Would rather + bare-infinitive… + than…
Prefer + V_ing / Noun + to…
Ex: 	- I would rather go to the cinema than stay at home.
- I prefer going to the cinema to staying at home.
- I prefer oranges to apples.
Thể phủ định của would rather = would rather not
Ex: John would rather not go to class tomorrow.
IV. WOULD LIKE
Would like (muốn) thường được dùng để diễn đạt mong muốn hoặc đưa ra lời mời, lời đề nghị một cách lịch sự.
Would like (‘d like) + to_infinitive
Ex: 	- I’d like to tell you something about myself.
- Would you like to have a walk with me?
IV. COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT
Could/ may/ might (có thể): chỉ một khả năng-điễn tả những gì mà người nói cảm thấy chưa chắc chắn lắm.
Ex: - It may/ might/ could rain tomorrow.
Người ta cũng có thể nói:
- It will possibly rain tomorrow.
- Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
Possibly, maybe = perhaps: có lẽ. có khả năng (chỉ dự đoán)
Ex: I don’t know where Lan is. Maybe she is in her room.
I may go to the beach or stay at home in this summer holidays.
V. SHOULD: Được dùng để diễn tả:
- Một lời đề nghị, lời khuyên, một bổn phận.
Ex: - You should study hard.
- He shouldn’t do that work. It’s too hard.
- Một sự mong đợi
It should rain tomorrow. (I expect it to rain tomorrow.)
My letter should arrive next week.
VI. MUST: Được dùng để diễn tả
Trách nhiệm hoặc bổn phận. Must có nghĩa mạnh hơn should. Với should ta có một sự lựa chọn làm hoặc không làm nhưng với mustsẽ không có sự lựa chọn.
Ex: - An automobile must have gasoline to run.
- This freezer must be kept at -200 C
Một sự suy luận hơp lý
Ex: 	John’s lights are out. He must be asleep.
You must be tired after a long walk.
+ mustn’t chỉ sự ngăn cấm
Ex: You mustn’t drive on the left
VI. HAVE TO
Have to có nghĩa gần như must, nhưng không mang tính bắt buộc mà chỉ thấy cần phải làm.
Ex: 	- I need some meat. I have to go to the butcher’s.
- Does your father have to go at once?
VII. NEED: có thể sử dụng như một động từ thường hoặc một động từ khiếm khuyết.
+ Need sử dụng như động từ khiếm khuyết. Sau need là động từ nguyên mẫu khộng TO. Need có nghĩa gần như Have to 
+ needn’t chỉ một việc không cần thiết phải làm = not necessary to do
Ex: You needn’t bring an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.
+ Need sử dụng như động từ thường: sau need là to-infinitive
Ex: You need to clean this room. It’s dirty.
+ Need + V_ing: mang nghĩa bị động.
Ex: This room needs cleaning. ( căn phòng này cần được lau chùi)
VIII. COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P
Hình thức này được dùng để chỉ khả năng trong quá khứ.
Ex: 	It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure.
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
IX. SHOULD + HAVE +P.P
Hình thức này để chỉ một bổn phận, trách nhiệm được cho là xảy ra ở quá khứ, nhưng vì một lý do nào đó đã không xảy ra.
Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office)
 Maria shouldn’t have called John last night. (she did call him)
X. MUST + HAVE + P.P: chỉ một sự suy luận hợp lý trong quá khứ.
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
Mary looks very tired. She must have stayed up late last night.
XI. MODALS IN PASSIVE
	In the present: MODAL +BE + P.P
	In the past: MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + P.P
EXERCISES
I. Underline the best answer from each group in italics
1. Bookings need/ must be made at least seven days before departure.
2. In most developed countries, people mustn’t/ don’t need to boil water before they drink it.
3. You needn’t/ mustn’t go on the beach when the tide’s coming in. It’s very dangerous.
4. I often have to/ must work at the weekend to get everything done.
5. Changes in technology mustn’t / needn’t be a problem, but could be seen as a great opportunity.
6. We’ve been told that we don’t have to/ mustn’t be at work until 10:00 tomorrow.
7. When you have time, we mustn’t / have to get together for a weekend.
8. We mustn’t/ needn’t allow our speed of production to drop.
9. As you worked late yesterday you needn’t/ mustn’t come until 10:00 tomorrow morning.
10. Employees will have to/ have got to accept the new conditions or be dismissed.
11. Of course the first thing I did was to call the police and I mustn’t/ didn’t have to wait very long for them to get there.
12. You mustn’t/ needn’t have a university degree to beco