Giáo án tiếng Anh 12 - Water /ˈwɔːtə ~ ˈwɒːtər, ˈwɑː-/ noun [uncountable]

ficult or serious situation: 
 - The company is in deep water over their refusal to reduce prices. 
→ take to something like a duck to water to learn how to do something very easily: 
 - She took to dancing like a duck to water. 
→ of the first water old-fashioned of the highest quality 
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→ (be/feel) like a fish out of water to feel uncomfortable because you feel you do not belong in a place or 
situation: 
 - I felt like a fish out of water in my new school. 
→ not hold water if an excuse, a statement etc does not hold water, it does not seem to be true or reasonable 
→ in hot water if someone is in hot water, they are in trouble because they have done something wrong: 
 - The finance minister found himself in hot water over his business interests. 
 → land/get yourself in hot water 
 - She got herself in hot water with the authorities. 
 → muddy the waters / the issue to make a situation more complicated or confusing than it was before – used to 
show disapproval 
→ pour cold water over/on something to criticize someone’s plan, idea, or desire to do something so much that 
they no longer feel excited about it 
→ still waters run deep used to say that someone who is quiet may have very strong feelings or a lot of 
knowledge 
→ test the water to check people’s reaction to a plan before you decide to use it: 
 - The government is clearly testing the water, to gauge the country’s reactions to their proposals. 
→ tread water 
 a) to stay floating upright in deep water by moving your legs as if you are riding a bicycle 
 b) to make no progress in a particular situation, especially because you are waiting for something to happen: 
 - All I could do was tread water until the contracts arrived. 
→ troubled waters a difficult situation, especially where there is a lot of disagreement and problems: 
 - We don’t want to enter the troubled waters of race and religion. 
→ pour oil on troubled waters (= try to make an angry situation calmer) [đổ thêm dầu vào lửa] 
COLLOCATIONS 
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + WATER 
drinking water (= water that you can drink safely) 
 - There is no source of drinking water on the island. 
tap water (= water that comes out of a tap) 
 - The tap water is not safe to drink. 
bottled water (= water to drink that you buy in bottles) 
 - Sales of bottled water have rocketed. 
mineral water (= water that has natural substances in it, and is sold in bottles) 
 - The mineral water comes from the Scottish mountain. 
spring water (= water that comes naturally out of the ground and has not been treated with any chemicals, usually 
sold in bottles) 
 - I ordered a glass of spring water. 
running water (= water that comes out of a system of pipes into buildings) 
 - Only half the city’s houses had running water. 
fresh water (= water in lakes, rivers, etc. that does not contain salt) 
 - This bird is usually found in open country near fresh water. 
salt water (= water from the sea, or water to which salt has been added) 
 - He washed his hands in a pool of salt water. 
hard (= containing a lot of calcium) 
- Hard water is formed as rainwater passes down through layers of limestone. 
soft (= not containing much calcium) 
 - In our area the water is quite soft. 
hot There isn't any hot water! 
cold 
 - The water in the pool was pretty cold. 
lukewarm (= only slightly warm) 
 - Stir the yeast into lukewarm water. 
clean 
 - Millions of people do not have access to clean drinking water. 
dirty 
 - Diseases can be spread by dirty water. 
contaminated (= water that has harmful substances in it) 
 - They became ill from drinking contaminated water. 
soapy Wash your hands with hot soapy water. 
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WATER + NOUN 
the water supply (= water and the lakes, reservoirs, etc. where it is stored) 
- A dam was built to improve the water supply. 
a water shortage 
There is a severe water shortage in many parts of the country. 
PHRASES 
a glass of water 
- She poured herself a glass of water. 
a drink of water 
- He asked for a drink of water. 
VERBS 
turn the water off/on (= turn a tap to stop water coming out of pipes or to let it come out) 
 - Turn the water off while you're brushing your teeth. 
water runs 
 - I let the cool water run down my back. 
water flows 
 - We watched the water flow under the bridge. 
RELATED WORDS & EXPRESSIONS 
1. water 
water /ˈwɔːtəʳǁˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ [uncountable noun] ▪ Could I have a glass of water, please?▪ Humans can’t survive 
for more than a few days without water.▪ This reservoir supplies water to half of Los Angeles. 
shallow/deep water▪ Stone fish lie on the ocean bed, often in shallow water. 
rain/sea water▪ Some of the bacteria are found in rivers, lakes, mud, and even rain water.▪ Never drink sea 
water.running water water that is flowing or that comes out of taps▪ As we got deeper into the forest we could 
hear the sound of running water.▪ All the rooms in the hotel have hot and cold running water. 
water shortage when there is not much water available▪ By the end of the hot summer of '76, there was a serious 
water shortage.water level the level of water in rivers, the sea, etc., which rises and falls▪ The water level of the 
River Thames has risen 14" in the past few days. 
water content how much water there is in something▪ Condensed milk is produced by removing about 50% of 
the water content of whole milk. 
moisture /ˈmɔɪstʃəʳ/ [uncountable noun] the amount of wetness in something, especially in the earth or in the air, 
caused by the presence of water: ▪ In the summer, temperatures rose to 90 or 100 degrees, and the air was 
constantly heavy with moisture.▪ Moisture is essential for keeping your skin fresh and youthful. 
moisture content how much moisture there is in something▪ Nearby ditches and walls affect the moisture content 
of the soil. 
2. when a lot of water covers a place that is usually dry 
flood /flʌd/ [countable noun] very large amounts of water covering an area of land or filling a building, caused by 
heavy rains and usually causing serious damage: ▪ Last winter, the town suffered the worst floods for fifty years.▪ 
There has been an extensive programme of restorations in Venice since the 1966 flood. 
flood damage▪ Yosemite National Park is restricting access to the Park in order to cope with the flood 
damage.flood water/waters▪ Helicopters continued to search for others who had climbed trees to escape from the 
flood waters. 
flood plain the area of land near a river that floods▪ the wide flood plains of the River Nile 
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flooding /ˈflʌdɪŋ/ [uncountable noun] a situation in which an area of land or part of a building is covered with 
water, for example as a result of heavy rain or burst water pipes: ▪ Parts of the harbour wall collapsed, causing 
serious flooding in the town.▪ The government is to receive £200,000 in emergency European Community aid, to 
help victims of the flooding. 
deluge /ˈdeljuːdʒ/ [countable noun usually singular] written a situation in which an area of land is covered with 
very large amounts of water as a result of heavy rain: ▪ Many homes in Jakarta were flooded in the Indonesian 
capital’s worst deluge for years. [đại hồng thủy] 
flood /flʌd/ [intransitive/transitive verb] if a river floods, or heavy rain, snow, etc. floods an area of land, it 
causes the land to become covered with very large amounts of water: ▪ Three major rivers have already flooded, 
and two more are on red alert.▪ After two days of continuous rain, the village was flooded.▪ Melting snow floods 
the valleys each spring. 
flooded [adjective] ▪ Emergency officials will tour flooded areas to assess the extent of the damage. 
3. a continuous movement of water 
current /ˈkʌrəntǁˈkɜːr-/ [countable noun] a continuous movement of water in a particular direction in the sea or in 
a river: ▪ The currents in these parts could carry a boat miles out to sea.a strong current▪ It’s dangerous to swim in 
the sea here because the current is so strong. 
river/ocean/sea currents▪ The tiny young drift on the ocean currents, until a few are lucky enough to land in a 
suitable place and begin a new life. 
torrent /ˈtɒrəntǁˈtɔː-, ˈtɑː-/ [countable noun] a large amount of water that moves quickly and strongly in a 
particular direction: ▪ The river occasionally becomes a torrent after a downpour, and may even cause flooding. 
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torrent of water▪ A torrent of water flowed down the street.raging torrent very violent torrent▪ After five days of 
heavy rain the Telle River was a raging torrent.in torrents▪ There was no shelter anywhere and the rain was 
coming down in torrents. 
torrential /təˈrenʃəl/ [adjective] torrential rain▪ Torrential rain and gale-force storms left many coastal roads 
impassable. 
4. to supply farmland, plants, etc. with water 
water /ˈwɔːtəʳǁˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ [transitive verb] to pour water on plants, crops, or grass in order to make them grow: 
▪ Would you mind watering my plants while I’m away?▪ During the drought, residents were barred from watering 
their gardens, or washing their cars.▪ Many farmers use low-flying aircraft to water their crops. 
irrigate /ˈɪrɪgeɪt, ˈɪrəgeɪt/ [transitive verb] to provide a regular supply of water to large areas of land, in order to 
grow crops there, for example by using a system of pipes or long holes in the ground: ▪ The stored water is then 
used to irrigate nearby agricultural land.▪ A system of channels carries water down from the mountains to irrigate 
the soil. 
irrigation /ˌɪrɪˈgeɪʃən, ˌɪrəˈgeɪʃən/ [uncountable noun] ▪ methods of irrigation [thủy lợi] 
5. to add water to another liquid 
dilute /ˌdaɪˈluːt/ [transitive verb] to add a liquid, especially water, to another liquid in order to make it weaker or 
t